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- By RFE/RL
Erdogan Says Russia's Invasion Of Ukraine Is 'Unacceptable,' But Is Keeping Ties With Both Nations
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan says Russia's attack on Ukraine is "unacceptable," but his country will not turn its back on either state, with Ankara having strong relations with both Moscow and Kyiv.
Speaking after a cabinet meeting on February 28, Erdogan said Turkey, a NATO member, would honor its commitments to the alliance, though it also could not disregard its "national interests" in the region.
He added that Turkey, which shares a maritime border with both Ukraine and Russia and has good ties with each country, would implement a long-standing international naval pact to prevent an escalation of the war.
The 1936 Montreux Convention gives Turkey the right to bar warships from using the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus during wartime. Ukraine earlier asked Ankara to implement the treaty and bar access to Russian warships.
“Turkey is determined to use the authority given by the Montreux Convention on Turkish Straits in a manner to prevent escalation of the Russia-Ukraine crisis,” Erdogan said.
Ankara has forged close ties with Russia in the energy and defense sectors, but has also sold drones to Ukraine and, despite raising Moscow's ire, signed a deal to co-produce more.
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Ukraine Hails Minerals Deal As Helping Strengthen US Support For Its Security
A landmark minerals deal between Ukraine and the United States offers "equal" benefits for both sides and opportunities for investment in Ukraine and the modernization of its industry, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said on May 1.
Zelenskyy hailed the deal in a video posted on Telegram but also said more pressure on Russia is needed.
He and US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent underlined that talks between Zelenskyy and US President Donald Trump in Rome during Pope Francis's funeral on April 26 played an important role in securing a deal.
"In fact, now we have the first result of the Vatican meeting, which makes it truly historic," Zelenskyy said.
The two leaders met one-on-one while seated informally in St. Peter's Basilica to try to revive faltering efforts to end Russia's war with Ukraine.
The accord, which was signed in Washington on April 30, establishes a joint investment fund for Ukraine's reconstruction and would see the United States and Kyiv jointly develop and invest in Ukraine's critical mineral resources.
Trump initially described the deal as "money back" for billions of dollars in military aid that Ukraine has received since Russia launched its full-scale invasion in February 2022. But Ukraine said the agreement is not linked to any past "debt,” and Bessent stressed that the accord signaled support for Ukraine.
"This agreement signals clearly to Russia that the Trump administration is committed to a peace process centered on a free, sovereign, and prosperous Ukraine over the long term," Bessent said.
The agreement establishes the United-States-Ukraine Reconstruction Investment Fund, which Bessent said in a news release is a historic economic partnership.
The deal will show Russia that there is “no daylight between the Ukrainian people and the American people, between our goals," Bessent said on Fox Business Network on May 1.
It gives Trump the ability to now negotiate with Russia on even a stronger basis, he added.
The Ukrainian parliament must still approve the pact. Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal met parliamentary factions on May 1 as some members complained they had not seen the text of the agreement or been properly consulted.
First Deputy Prime Minister Yulia Svyrydenko, who signed the accord for Ukraine, told reporters in an online briefing that ratification would happen in the next few weeks
Zelenskyy said he hoped there would be no delays in securing parliament's approval, though some lawmakers said they expected it to take longer than a week.
Some technical details must be completed before a joint US-Ukraine investment fund can become operational, Svyrydenko said.
"We really need to be more sustainable and more self-sufficient, and this is a real tool that can help us achieve this goal," she said, adding that the two sides did not expect the agreement to begin generating revenue this year.
Svyrydenko, who is also Ukraine's economy minister, said the agreement "can provide success for both our countries" and "will attract global investment into our state" in highlighting its key points in a post on Facebook.
Svyrydenko said the investment fund will be filled with income exclusively from new licenses. This involves 50 percent of the funds from new licenses for critical materials and oil and gas projects, which will come into Ukraine's budget once the fund is established.
The agreement states that all resources on Ukraine's territory and in territorial waters belong to Ukraine, and Kyiv alone will determine where and what to extract. It also does not change Ukraine's European integration course, Svyrydenko added.
Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andryi Sybiha wrote on X that he had briefed EU foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas about the agreement.
"This marks an important milestone in Ukraine–US strategic partnership aimed at strengthening Ukraine’s economy and security," he said in his post.
Military Aid
Beyond its monetary aspects, Ukraine also sees the agreement as key to ensuring its access to future US military aid.
Roman Kostenko, a Ukrainian lawmaker and special forces commander, told Current Time that the question of security guarantees in connection with the US-Ukraine minerals deal "remains open."
"Perhaps there were certain nuances that prevented their inclusion in the minerals deal, even though it was a demand from our side," he added.
On April 29, the US Congress website published a notice from a senior official in the State Department's Bureau of Legislative Affairs on the certification of a proposed license for the export of defense articles which included "defense services to Ukraine in the amount of $50 million or more."
According to the Ukrainian media outlet the Kyiv Post, the White House approved the license shortly after the two countries signed the agreement on mineral resources.
The US is seeking access to more than 20 raw materials deemed strategically critical to its interests. Among them are deposits of titanium, which is used for making aircraft wings and other aerospace manufacturing, and uranium, which is used for nuclear power, medical equipment, and weapons. Ukraine also has deposits of lithium, graphite, and manganese, which are used in electric vehicle batteries.
Trump said the deal “in theory” means that the US will get more from Ukraine than it contributed.
“I wanted to be protected,” he said in an interview on NewsNation, adding that he didn’t want to be looking “foolish” by not getting money back for the investment.
Trump said earlier at a cabinet meeting that the American presence will "keep a lot of bad actors out of the country or certainly out of the area where we're doing the digging."
With reporting by Reuters
- By Todd Prince
US Eyes Aleutian Military Revival As Russia, China Expand Operations Near Alaska
In October 2024, the US Coast Guard spotted two Chinese maritime enforcement vessels operating alongside a pair of Russian border patrol boats as they transited the Bering Sea, just miles from Alaskan waters.
It was the third consecutive year that a joint Russian-Chinese military convoy sailed through the strategic waterway. A year earlier, the two nations staged joint naval exercises in the region with 11 ships -- a clear signal of their growing military cooperation near US territory.
The October transit, which China said continued through the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean, came less than three months after the first joint flight of Chinese and Russian strategic bombers over the Bering Sea.
The uptick in Russian and Chinese activity near Alaska -- home to America’s largest fleet of advanced fighter jets and a cornerstone of its missile defense architecture --is fueling calls to reestablish Cold War-era military infrastructure on the Aleutian Islands.
Admiral Samuel Paparo, commander of US Indo-Pacific Command, told the Senate Armed Services Committee on April 10 that he supports reopening the shuttered naval facility on Adak Island and upgrading Eareckson Air Station on Shemya, the westernmost outpost of the chain.
Facilities on Adak and Shemya would give the United States “time and distance on any force capability that is looking to penetrate” American waters or airspace, Paparo said. Reactivating Adak would allow the United States to increase maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft (MPRA) coverage in the region by a factor of 10, he told lawmakers.
The Aleutian chain, made up of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller ones, stretches more than 1,600 kilometers from the Alaskan mainland toward Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula. The islands sit astride the great circle routes, the shortest paths between Asia and North America, and serve as a gateway to both the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea.
Kamchatka -- 800 kilometers west of Shemya -- is home to Russia’s Pacific submarine fleet and squadrons of long-range fighters. Paparo described Russia’s Pacific Fleet as a “growth enterprise” that now operates “frequently” along the great circle routes.
General Gregory Guillot, commander of US Northern Command, testified in February before a Senate committee that reviving Adak could provide important “maritime and air access.”
The Pentagon is currently evaluating future uses for Adak, which features a deep-water port with three piers, two 7,000-foot runways, multiple hangars, de-icing platforms, and one of the largest bulk fuel storage facilities in the United States.
During the Cold War, Adak served as the primary anti-submarine warfare base in the Pacific, with P-3 Orions regularly patrolling the surrounding waters. The island also stored B57 nuclear depth bombs designed to detonate underwater and destroy enemy submarines.
At its peak, the island was home to 6,000 military personnel and their families. The base was officially closed in 1997. Today, fewer than 200 people live on the island. Alaska Airlines operates a single commercial route to Adak using Boeing 737s.
Eareckson Air Station on Shemya hosts a 10,000-foot runway and hangars. Shemya is also home to the Cobra Dane radar system -- an advanced sensor used to track ballistic missile launches and satellites. The air station also serves as an emergency diversion airport for civilian flights crossing the North Pacific.
US forces in September carried out an exercise on Shemya in response to the joint Russia-China bomber flight.
“Every time a state vessel or aircraft enters the area, it’s collecting information,” said Troy Bouffard, an Arctic security expert at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. “The only way to respond is to intercept and push them out.”
“This is a real challenge,” he added. “And places like Adak provide outstanding positions to base the assets needed to meet it.”
Adak, which will be part of Indo-Pacific Command's Northern Edge exercise in August, could host P-8A Poseidon aircraft -- America’s most advanced maritime patrol aircraft and the successor to the P-3. Based on the Boeing 737 airframe, the P-8 is designed to detect and destroy both surface ships and submarines.
The P-8 plays a central role in US and allied anti-submarine warfare. The US resumed P-8 flights from its airbase at Keflavik, Iceland, in 2018 amid renewed Russian activity near the GIUK Gap, a key maritime chokepoint into the Atlantic.
Allies including Canada, Germany, and Norway have announced plans to purchase the aircraft to replace their P-3s. Norway reversed plans to close an Arctic air station after Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and will now use it for maritime drone flights that complement the P-8s.
Russia’s Pacific Fleet is expected to grow to 45 modernized warships by the early 2030s, including 19 submarines. Some of its newest vessels are armed with Zircon hypersonic missiles, which can reach speeds over Mach 5 and strike targets hundreds of kilometers away.
Meanwhile, China is expanding the world’s largest navy by hull count. The Congressional Research Service estimates its fleet could grow from 370 to 435 ships by 2030. Intelligence reports suggest Russia is helping China reduce the acoustic signatures of its submarines -- critical to making them harder for US forces to track.
Experts warn that if Chinese nuclear-armed submarines reach the Arctic, it would significantly enhance Beijing’s second-strike capability against the United States. The shortest missile flight path to the continental US is over the Arctic.
Russia’s air presence in the Bering and Arctic regions is also growing. A senior Alaskan commander told reporters in 2021 that US intercepts of Russian aircraft near or inside the Alaskan Air Defense Identification Zone had reached a post-Soviet high.
The spike coincides with Moscow’s rapid expansion and renovation of dozens of Arctic military installations, including airfields and radar sites.
In the event of a reopening, the United States is not expected to station many military personnel on the islands, which are renowned for their high winds, dense fog, persistent overcast skies, and freezing temperatures. A 1937 Naval War College assessment described them as having “some of the worst weather in the world.”
Imperial Japan captured two of the islands in June 1942, marking only the second time in US history that its territory had been seized by a foreign adversary. Though US forces recaptured the islands, the 14-month Aleutian Campaign cost 225 American aircraft, most lost to the region’s extreme weather.
US Deports Over 100 Central Asian Nationals With Uzbekistan’s Cooperation
The United States has deported more than 100 citizens from Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan to Tashkent in what Uzbek officials said is part of initiative aimed at ensuring the rights of its citizens caught in "difficult situations abroad."
The flight from New York to Tashkent was reportedly arranged on April 30 and operated by Uzbekistan Airways. A statement released by the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) said that Uzbekistan funded the operation in full.
The deportations appear to mark the first such deal between the United States and a foreign government since the President Donald Trump took office in January.
"We are talking about citizens who have violated visa requirements or have expired their legal stay in the United States," Ahror Burkhanov, a spokesman for the Uzbek Foreign Ministry, wrote in a social media post.
"The repatriation process will be organized on the basis of humanitarian and legal principles, ensuring the dignified and safe return of citizens," he added, though he did not say how many of those deported on April 30 were Uzbek nationals.
Since taking office on January 20, Trump has declared a crackdown on illegal immigration.
Immigration agents have carried out hundreds of raids in various cities with thousands of immigrants arrested.
Many critics say a large number of those deported to third countries are refugees who have been granted protections against returning to their home countries, where they would face persecution or torture.
Demonstrations and pickets have been held against Washington's anti-immigration policy, and a judge handed down a ruling on April 18 that barred the Trump administration from rapidly deporting migrants to countries other than their own without giving them a chance to show they fear being persecuted.
The government has appealed the court ruling.
The DHS said the operation "underscores the deep security cooperation" between the nations and "sets the standard for US alliances."
"We commend Uzbekistan President Shavkat Mirziyoyev for his leadership in sending a flight to return 131 illegal aliens to their home country," said US Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem.
She added that the Trump administration will continue to work with Uzbekistan on efforts to "enhance mutual security and uphold the rule of law."
Uzbek media reported the Kyrgyz and Kazakh nationals who arrived on the flight to Uzbekistan will continue on to their home countries.
Earlier, the Uzbek Foreign Ministry said the repatriation process was organized on the basis of "humanitarian and legal principles."
"It is aimed at ensuring the dignified and safe return of citizens," the ministry said in a statement.
In January this year, the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement estimation showed that 975 Uzbeks living in the US as illegal migrants could be deported from the country in the near future.
Following the reports, the NY Times said in February that US authorities had begun deporting Central Asian migrants to Panama and Costa Rica to speed up the process of their removal from the country.
From September 2023 to September 2024, US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) deported 572 people to Uzbekistan.
In August 2024, RFE/RL's Uzbek Service published an investigation detailing the plight of hundreds of Uzbek and Kyrgyz migrants attempting to enter the United States illegally from Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Mexico.
Serbians Mark 6 Months Since Deadly Train Station Collapse That Sparked Mass Protests
NOVI SAD, Serbia -- On May 1, thousands of Serbians marked six months since the collapse of a railway station canopy that killed 16 people and triggered one of the country’s largest protest movements in recent memory.
At precisely 11:52 a.m. -- the moment the canopy collapsed on November 1 --demonstrators stood in silence outside the Novi Sad Railway Station.
Students and others lit candles and laid flowers in memory of the victims.
"Novi Sad remembers," reads a newly erected memorial plaque placed by students on the lawn in front of the station.
"The station building is a reminder of what happens to a nation when corruption creeps into every pore of society," one of the students told a crowd in Novi Sad.
Those attending the solemn gathering then took part in a protest march through central Novi Sad, culminating at the city's Freedom Bridge.
During the march, a serious incident occurred when a vehicle attempted to drive into the crowd.
According to reports, the driver bypassed police guards and sped into a group of protesters.
The car stopped just short of the crowd, and no injuries were reported.
Police arrested two individuals in connection with the incident.
Thousands of protesters also packed the streets of Serbia’s capital, Belgrade, as students and five major trade union federations united in one of the largest coordinated May Day demonstrations in recent years, demanding changes to labor laws and greater protections for workers.
Cedanka Antic, the president of the united branch of Serbian trade unions "Nezavisnost,"called on the government to act as soon as possible.
"Together, trade unions and students can achieve this goal," she added.
The protests are part of a broader movement that has gripped Serbia since the fatal collapse of the railway station canopy in November and may be the biggest challenge yet to the increasingly authoritarian rule of President Aleksandar Vucic.
"Corruption and institutional negligence led to the deaths of 16 people. We are outraged that this happened and that no one has been held accountable," said a student who addressed the crowd in Belgrade.
Student protesters have been demonstrating and blocking their university departments for months in opposition to what they say is the crumbling rule of law and systemic corruption under Vucic, the president since 2017 and prime minister for three years before that.
Tens of thousands of people have also taken to the streets to demonstrate in over 200 cities and towns.
The public outcry has rattled Serbia’s leadership. In January, Prime Minister Milos Vucevic resigned amid the mounting pressure, though no high-level officials have yet been held accountable for the collapse.
An indictment against 13 suspects for the failures that led to the accident, including former state officials, has not yet been confirmed.
Russian Drone Strike Hits Zaporizhzhya, Injuring 14 And Igniting Fires, Local Official Says
A Russian drone attack late on May 1 injured at least 14 people in the southeastern Ukrainian city of Zaporizhzhya, the regional governor said.
Fedorov clarified earlier casualty figures, saying a report that one person was killed had proved to be untrue. One man buried under rubble had been pulled out alive, he said. Nine people were being treated in hospital.
Pictures posted online showed fire burning at a collapsed apartment building.
Fedorov said Russian forces had made at least 10 strikes on the city, targeting private homes, high-rise apartment buildings, educational institutions, and infrastructure sites.
The attack follows a widescale onslaught of Russian drones on several regions of Ukraine the night before. At least two people were killed in Odesa in the attack on April 30 in which air alerts were activated in 11 regions of Ukraine.
The "large-scale" attack on the Black Sea port of Odesa, as described by the Ukrainian State Emergency Service in a Telegram post, killed two people and injured 15 others.
Odesa Governor Oleh Kiper said on Telegram that the Russian attack on Odesa damaged high-rise buildings, houses, a supermarket, and a school.
Andriy Yermak, the Ukrainian president's chief of staff, responded to the Russia attack on Odesa by calling for a "complete cease-fire" in a Telegram post.
"We must push for it together with the United States and Europe," he wrote, saying that Russian President Vladimir Putin "will always have the desire to kill."
"But diplomacy, force, and economic pressure will compel Russia to end the war," he added.
Explosions were also heard in the northeastern city of Sumy and air raid warnings were triggered in several places including Sumy, Kyiv, Kharkiv, Chernihiv, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, and Zaporizhzhya.
Kharkiv Mayor Ihor Terekhova announced that a drone had hit on the border of two districts in the city. A fire broke out at the site of impact, and an undetermined number of people were injured.
Terekhova later reported that the drone hit at a gas station in the Kyiv district.
The eastern city of Kharkiv also came under attack late on April 30, regional governor Oleh Synyehubov said, citing preliminary information. He added that a fire broke out as a result.
The strikes came as the United States and Ukraine signed a minerals deal that US President Donald Trump's administration said was and economic partnership in recognition of the “significant financial and material support that the people of the United States have provided to the defense of Ukraine since Russia’s full-scale invasion.”
After initial hesitation, Ukraine accepted the agreement as a way to secure long-term investment by Washington amid moves by Trump and his administration to curtail US security commitments around the world.
Meanwhile, a group of 72 US senators has thrown its support behind a bill threatening Russia with severe new sanctions if it refuses to engage in serious negotiations to end the war in Ukraine.
The announcement was made by Senator Lindsey Graham (Republican-South Carolina), one of the bill's sponsors, Bloomberg reports.
According to a draft obtained by Bloomberg News, the proposed measures include a sweeping 500 percent tariff on imports from countries that continue to buy Russian oil, gas, petroleum products, or uranium.
Graham said he has enough support in the House to bring the sanctions bill to the floor there as well, according to Bloomberg.
With reporting by Reuters, AFP, Bloomberg, and dpa
- By RFE/RL
Ukraine, US Sign Minerals Deal Creating Reconstruction Investment Fund
The United States and Ukraine have signed an agreement giving the US access to Ukraine’s valuable rare minerals in a deal that Ukraine hopes will ensure continued American support for Kyiv in its war with Russia.
The agreement establishes the United-States-Ukraine Reconstruction Investment Fund, which the US Treasury Department said will allow the two countries to “work collaboratively and invest together to ensure that our mutual assets, talents, and capabilities can accelerate Ukraine’s economic recovery.”
US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said in a news release that agreement “signals clearly to Russia that the Trump Administration is committed to a peace process centered on a free, sovereign, and prosperous Ukraine over the long term.”
Bessent called the establishment of the United States-Ukraine Reconstruction Investment Fund a historic economic partnership and credited US President Donald Trump with pushing for it to be signed as part of his efforts to seek an end to the war.
"As the President has said, the United States is committed to helping facilitate the end of this cruel and senseless war,” Bessent said.
Trump has expressed frustration over the slow pace of progress in negotiations. The US State Department on April 29 tried again to get both sides to move more quickly and warned that Washington could step back from the talks if there's no progress.
Yulia Svyrydenko, Ukraine's economy minister and deputy prime minister, signed the agreement with Bessent, the Treasury Department said. Svyrydenko said the agreement "can provide success for both our countries" and "will attract global investment into our state" in highlighting its key points in a post on Facebook.
Svyrydenko said the investment fund will be filled with income exclusively from new licenses. This involves 50 percent of the funds from new licenses for critical materials and oil and gas projects, which will come into Ukraine's budget once the fund is established.
Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andryi Sybiha wrote on X that he had briefed EU foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas about the minerals agreement between Ukraine and the United States.
"This marks an important milestone in Ukraine–US strategic partnership aimed at strengthening Ukraine’s economy and security," he said in his post.
Roman Kostenko, a Ukrainian lawmaker and special forces commander, told Current Time that the question of security guarantees in connection with the US-Ukraine minerals deal "remains open."
"Perhaps there were certain nuances that prevented their inclusion in the minerals deal, even though it was a demand from our side," he added.
Military Aid
Beyond its monetary aspects, Ukraine also sees the agreement as key to ensuring its access to future US military aid.
"In addition to direct financial contributions, it may also provide NEW assistance -- for example air defense systems for Ukraine," she said on X.
On April 29, the US Congress website published a notice from a senior official in the State Department's Bureau of Legislative Affairs on the certification of a proposed license for the export of defense articles which included "defense services to Ukraine in the amount of $50 million or more."
According to the Ukrainian media outlet the Kyiv Post, the White House approved the license shortly after the two countries signed the agreement on mineral resources.
The agreement is in accordance with the Constitution and does not change Ukraine's European integration course, she added. It also states that all resources on Ukraine's territory and in territorial waters belong to Ukraine, and Kyiv alone will determine where and what to extract.
The Ukrainian cabinet approved the agreement earlier on April 30, empowering Svyrydenko to sign it in Washington. The deal still needs to be ratified by the Ukrainian parliament before it can take effect.
The Treasury Department's news release said the department and the US International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) will work with the government of Ukraine to finalize the program’s governance and advance the partnership.
Speaking on Ukrainian television earlier on April 30, Ukrainian Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal called the deal "truly a good, equal and beneficial international agreement on joint investments in the development and recovery of Ukraine."
Shmyhal said on Telegram that each side will have 50 percent voting rights in the Reconstruction Investment Fund, and the fund's profits will be reinvested exclusively in Ukraine.
Meeting a key concern for Ukraine, he said Kyiv would not be asked to pay back any "debt" for the billions of dollars in US weapons and other support since Russia invaded in February 2022.
Trump indicated in February that he wanted access to Ukraine’s rare earth materials as a condition for continued US support in the war, describing it as reimbursement for the billions of dollars in aid that Washington has given to Kyiv.
But talks stalled after a tense Oval Office meeting, which ended in acrimony with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Trump, and Vice President JD Vance verbally attacking each other.
The US is seeking access to more than 20 raw materials deemed strategically critical to its interests. Among them are deposits of titanium, which is used for making aircraft wings and other aerospace manufacturing, and uranium, which is used for nuclear power, medical equipment, and weapons. Ukraine also has deposits of lithium, graphite, and manganese, which are used in electric vehicle batteries.
Trump said the deal “in theory” means that the US will get more from Ukraine than it contributed.
“I wanted to be protected,” he said in an interview on NewsNation, adding that he didn’t want to be looking “foolish” by not getting money back for the investment.
Trump said earlier at a cabinet meeting that the American presence will "keep a lot of bad actors out of the country or certainly out of the area where we're doing the digging."
With reporting by Reuters and AFP
- By RFE/RL
CPJ Warns Of Eroding US Press Freedom Under Trump Administration
The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) has warned that press freedoms in the United States are eroding and called on newsrooms across the country to form a united front against the "rising tide of threats" facing independent, fact-based reporting.
In a report detailing the first 100 days of the US government’s treatment of the media under President Donald Trump, the media watchdog chided the administration for taking a "startling number of actions that, taken together, threaten the availability of independent, fact-based news for vast swaths of America's population."
It also took aim at several high-profile news organizations such as The Washington Post and the Los Angeles Times for the "realignment" of opinion pages "in reaction to changing political tides."
"Journalists are always the first to be attacked when democracy declines and the actions of the current US administration should be ringing alarm bells for every single journalist, every single newsroom, and every single person in the United States," CPJ Chief Executive Officer Jodie Ginsberg said in the report.
"This is not a time to be complacent, or to shrug off these behaviors. If we let the abnormal become normal, many more freedoms will be at risk -- no matter what your politics."
The CPJ said in the report that it reached out to the White House with detailed requests for comment but did not receive a response.
The State Department Press Office said in an e-mailed response to a request from RFE/RL for comment on the report that "as a general matter we do not offer public evaluations of reports by outside groups."
Trump took office for his second term on January 20.
In the 100 days since then, the CPJ report outlined moves it said the administration has taken, leaving major news outlets unsure of how to react to "increased pressure from the White House," with owners and journalists alike "facing the choice of whether to placate the president or risk losing access."
The CPJ specifically noted changes in the procedures that govern White House access and the makeup of the press pool, the appearance of the Federal Communications Commission and other regulatory agencies becoming increasingly politicized in their work, and White House calls to deprive public broadcasters NPR and PBS of government funding, among the factors curbing the free press around the country.
In what it called one of the "most glaring examples of this clampdown," the report highlighted the barring of the Associated Press from White House press events after it refused to adopt the administration's renaming of the Gulf of Mexico as the "Gulf of America."
Despite a court ruling affirming the AP's First Amendment rights, the administration continues to limit the agency's access and is "manipulating the press pool seating arrangement to favor partisan or sympathetic outlets."
"From denying access to upending respect for the independence of a free press to vilifying news organizations to threatening reprisals, this administration has begun to exert its power to punish or reward based on coverage," the CPJ said.
The White House has said it is up to its own discretion and not White House correspondents or longstanding tradition to determine who gets to question the president and when.
"The government offers no other plausible explanation for its treatment of the AP," U.S. District Judge Trevor N. McFadden, an appointee of Trump, wrote in his ruling on the case earlier this month.
"The Constitution forbids viewpoint discrimination, even in a nonpublic forum like the Oval Office."
The CPJ also pointed to what it called "politically charged investigations" by the Federal Communications Commission of major networks such as CBS, NBC, ABC, and public broadcasters NPR and PBS. It said the justifications for these inquiries range from "unsubstantiated claims of biased reporting to alleged breaches of licensing agreements."
The Federal Communications Commission was also offered the right of reply by the CPJ, according to the watchdog, but did not comment on the report.
The CPJ said moves inside the United States have also had an effect outside of its borders.
The gutting of the US Agency for International Development and the US Agency for Global Media, for example, have led to the suspension or elimination of thousands of journalist positions in the United States and abroad, and "they have been cheered by the undemocratic governments of China, Russia, Cuba and elsewhere."
Many of the broadcasters affected, including Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, are fighting the cuts in court, with decisions so far going in their favor for what they call "unlawful" moves to cut funding by the government.
Belarus Frees US Political Prisoner Yuras Zyankovich After Nearly 4 Years In Prison
Yuras Zyankovich, a US citizen who was born and raised in Belarus, has been released from prison in Belarus after more than 3 1/2 behind bars, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced via social media on April 30.
Zyankovich, a lawyer, was arrested in April 2021 and later sentenced to 11 years in a high-security prison for allegedly plotting to overthrow the government of Belarusian strongman Aleksandr Lukashenko.
The charges, widely seen as politically motivated, were based on accusations from Belarusian and Russian state intelligence services. Human rights organizations, including Vyasna, had declared Zyankovich a political prisoner.
He went on to receive two additional sentences: six months in 2022 for online comments and again in 2024 to two more years after a conviction for "malicious disobedience" of prison rules.
Zyankovich reportedly endured hunger strikes, harassment, and health issues during his imprisonment in Mahilyou, a prison in Belarus notorious for its harsh conditions.
Zyankovich, the only defendant in his case to plead guilty and express remorse, was tried alongside Belarusian opposition figures Ryhor Kastusyou and Alyakandr Fyaduta. Kastusyou, who has cancer, was released in 2024; Fyaduta remains jailed in poor health.
In a statement, Zyankovich's wife, Alena Dzenisavets, expressed profound relief and gratitude.
"It took 1,480 days, but he survived and is on his way home to me and to America," she said, thanking US President Donald Trump, Rubio, and human rights groups for their unwavering support.
Zyankovich appeared frail in a state TV broadcast earlier this year, pleading for help from US leaders. The footage was condemned as coerced propaganda.
Zyankovich's release comes amid a troubling backdrop of ongoing repression in Belarus, where over 1,300 political prisoners remain jailed, and more than 65,000 people have been arrested since the disputed 2020 election.
The United States continues to urge its citizens to avoid travel to Belarus.
Less that three weeks earlier, Russian-American citizen Ksenia Karelina, who was imprisoned in Russia for donating $51 to a US-based Ukrainian aid charity, was released from a Russian prison after a prisoner swap for Arthur Petrov, a dual German-Russian citizen who allegedly exported sensitive microelectronics.
- By Reid Standish,
- Daud Khattak and
- Pamir Halimzai
Pakistan Claims To Have 'Credible Intelligence' Of Imminent Indian Strike
Tensions between India and Pakistan continue to mount after a top Pakistani official claimed to have "credible intelligence" that New Delhi is prepared to undertake military action against Islamabad following a militant attack in Kashmir.
"Pakistan has credible intelligence that India intends carrying out military action against Pakistan in the next 24-36 hours," Pakistani Information Minister Attaullah Tarar said in a video message posted on X in the middle of the night.
There was no immediate response from India to the claim. RFE/RL contacted India's External Affairs Ministry and Defense Ministry for comment, but has yet to receive an answer.
Tarar did not elaborate on what evidence Pakistan had used to make the claim, but added that Islamabad would respond "assuredly and decisively" to any Indian action.
"The international community must remain alive to the reality that the onus of escalatory spiral and its ensuing consequences shall squarely lie with India," Tarar said.
The comments come just a week after militants massacred 26 people in the Himalayan mountain town of Pahalgam in Indian-administered Kashmir. The attack has sparked widespread outrage across India and brought nuclear-armed rivals India and Pakistan to the brink of conflict.
India quickly accused Pakistan of involvement in the attack and said two of the three suspected militants were Pakistani. Islamabad has flatly denied any responsibility and offered to carry out an investigation.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government has not issued public comments regarding any imminent plans for military action, but he met with his cabinet late on April 29. Indian media have reported, citing unnamed government sources, that Modi has given the country's armed forces "complete operational freedom to decide on the mode, targets, and timing of our response to the terror attack."
Why Are India And Pakistan On The Brink Of Conflict?
The April 22 terrorist attack was claimed by a little known group that calls itself the Resistance Front, but there has been no way to corroborate the claim made on social media. Indian officials say it is a proxy for the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba, a United Nations-designated terrorist organization.
In the aftermath of the attack, India took a number of nonmilitary measures against Pakistan, suspending a vital water-sharing treaty, downgrading diplomatic relations, and asking Pakistani nationals to leave the country.
Islamabad announced similar retaliatory measures a day later.
The attack took place in the Indian-administered part of Kashmir. Both India and Pakistan control the region in part, but each claims it in full.
The two countries have fought three wars over the territory, which is now divided by a de-facto border called the Line of Control (LoC). The region has been hit regularly by militant violence since an armed anti-Indian insurgency began in 1989. Hostilities have claimed tens of thousands of lives over more than three decades.
Praveen Swami, the national-security editor at the Indian daily newspaper The Print, told RFE/RL that the situation remains fluid and both India and Pakistan are currently "prisoners of their own rhetoric."
He adds that there are discussions of potential targeted Indian missile strikes but there are concerns of the reaction it would illicit from Pakistan.
"India will be weighing its options and Modi may be looking to be a hawk, but they are weighing all the options before going for something," Swami said.
Amid the rising tensions and escalating rhetoric, Indian and Pakistani military forces in the region have exchanged gunfire across the LoC repeatedly over the past six days.
"We have reinforced our forces because it is something which is imminent now. So in that situation some strategic decisions have to be taken, so those decisions have been taken," Defense Minister Khawaja Muhammad Asif told Reuters in an April 28 interview.
Pakistani state television also claimed Indian fighter jets conducted patrols near the border in Kashmir under its jurisdiction during the early hours of April 29.
How Are Countries Responding To India-Pakistan Tensions?
The UN warned of potentially "catastrophic" consequences on April 29 if the two countries escalated into war.
"The region and the world cannot afford a confrontation between India and Pakistan, which would be catastrophic for the two countries and for the world as a whole," said Stephane Dujarric, spokesman for UN Secretary-General Antontio Guterres, referring to the two nuclear-armed neighbors.
He said Guterres held separate phone calls with Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, India's foreign minister.
US Secretary of State Marco Rubio asked the two countries "not to escalate the situation," spokeswoman Tammy Bruce said during an April 29 press briefing.
She said Rubio would speak with both the Indian and Pakistani foreign ministers "as early as today or tomorrow."
China, which itself claims control of part of Kashmir and has grown closer to Pakistan in recent years, has also urged restraint.
Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi spoke to Pakistan’s deputy prime minister and foreign minister last week, saying any conflict between Pakistan and India would "not serve the fundamental interests of each side" and posed a risk to regional security.
Russian Drone Strikes On Ukraine Kill 1 In Dnipro, Injure Dozens In Kharkiv
Russian forces launched a mass drone attack on the southeastern Ukrainian city of Dnipro late on April 29, killing one person and setting several homes on fire, the regional governor said.
"Dnipro residents remember last night as hell," Serhiy Lysak said on Telegram.
"[A person] was taken out and put on the grass and put in a black bag.... He was killed," a Dnipro resident told RFE/RL at the scene of the attack on the morning of April 30.
Earlier, Russian drones also struck Ukraine's second-largest city, Kharkiv, regional Governor Oleh Synyehubov said, adding that dozens of people had been injured, including two children and a pregnant woman.
The youngest injured was 5 years old, according to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.
"Residential neighborhoods were hit, with apartment buildings, a hospital, and a school damaged," he added.
Meanwhile, a source from the Ukraine's Security Service (SBU) told RFE/RL that it was responsible for a drone strike on a Russian defense manufacturing facility in the Vladimir region.
According to a source in the SBU, the Murom Instrument-Building Plant, located 300 kilometers east of Moscow, specializes in the production of ammunition fuses, components, and products for the Russian Navy and military aviation.
"The Murom Instrument-Building Plant is on the sanctions lists of Ukraine and the EU because it plays a significant role in ensuring military aggression against Ukraine," said the source, who asked to remain anonymous.
Earlier, the ASTRA Telegram channel, citing sources in the Russian Emergencies Ministry, reported that a warehouse and a gatehouse of the facility had burned down.
On April 29, Vyacheslav Gladkov, the governor of the Russian border region of Belgorod, reported that a Ukrainian drone strike targeted six localities and hit a vehicle on a highway, killing two and injuring at least three others.
Aleksandr Khinshtein, the governor of the neighboring Kursk region, said drones also struck the town of Rylsk, injuring three people and damaging three apartment buildings, a private house, and a kindergarten.
The US-based Institute for the Study of War (ISW) reported that fighting in the Kursk region was ongoing as of April 29, according to Russian and Ukrainian sources.
"Russian forces continue efforts to push Ukrainian forces from their limited remaining positions in the area," the report added.
Elsewhere, South Korean lawmakers said on April 30 that about 600 North Korean troops have been killed fighting for Russia against Ukraine out of a total deployment of 15,000.
"After six months of participation in the war, the North Korean military has become less inept, and its combat capability has significantly improved," Lee Seong-kweun, a member of South Korea's parliamentary intelligence committee, told reporters.
North Korea has suffered about 4,700 casualties so far, including injuries and deaths, Korean lawmakers said.
Earlier, the Russian Foreign Ministry acknowledged the "significant contribution" of North Korean soldiers in the battle to push Ukrainian forces out of the Kursk region following Kyiv's shock incursion into the border area last year.
On April 30, Ukraine's top commander, Oleksandr Syrskiy, said Russian forces had increased the intensity of fighting.
Russia is "stubbornly" trying to break through Ukraine's defenses and reach the border of the Dnipropetrovsk region, Syrskiy added.
In its morning report, the Ukrainian military reported 177 engagements over the past day, most of which occurred near the city of Pokrovsk, Donetsk region, an area less than 20 kilometers from the Dnipropetrovsk region.
Iran Executes Alleged Israeli Spy Tied To Killing Of Senior Military Officer
Iran’s judiciary said it has executed Mohsen Langarneshin for allegedly spying for Israel and being involved in the high-profile assassination of an Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) colonel in 2022.
In a statement on April 30, the judiciary described Langarneshin as a “high-ranking spy” for Israel who had “supported several Mossad operations in Iran.”
In addition to his alleged involvement in the killing of IRGC Colonel Hassan Sayyad Khodaei in May 2022, Langarneshin was also accused of playing a role in a January 2023 drone attack on a military factory in Isfahan.
Iran’s judiciary also claimed that Langaranshin had met twice with senior Mossad intelligence officers -- once in Georgia and once in Nepal -- and described him as a “highly trained operative” who had undergone “extensive espionage training and was fully capable of carrying out assigned missions.”
Foreign-based Iranian human rights-focused news outlet HRANA said on April 28 that Langarneshin had made three separate requests for a retrial, all of which were rejected.
The HRANA report said he was moved to solitary confinement in the Ghezel Hesar Prison on April 29, a day before his execution, and allowed a final visit with his parents.
His father, Masud Langaranshin, released a video stating that his son had been sentenced to death “without a fair trial” and that the case was riddled with “inconsistencies and legal flaws.”
Quoting a source close to Langaranshin, HRANA claimed that “he was pressured during detention to make forced confessions” implicating him in the assassination of Sayyad Khodaei.
A shadowy figure in the IRGC, Sayyad Khodaei was killed by gunmen outside his home in Tehran. Israeli media have described Sayyad Khodaei as a key figure behind “plots to kill Israelis and Jews” and to attack Jewish interests around the world.
In an annual report on human rights, Amnesty International said on April 29 that Iran "arbitrarily" executed hundreds of people last year as authorities "used the death penalty as a tool of political repression against protesters, dissidents and ethnic minorities."
- By RFE/RL
Court Orders USAGM To Release Congress-Approved Grant Funds For April To RFE/RL
A federal court has ordered the US Agency for Global Media (USAGM) to disburse funds for April to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty from the broadcaster’s congressional appropriation, amid a fight over winding down operations at a number of US-funded broadcasters.
US District Judge Royce Lamberth granted the temporary restraining order on April 29, writing that it was Congress that "ordained that the monies at issue should be allocated to RFE/RL," and that President Donald Trump signed the budget resolution appropriating those funds.
“Today’s ruling ordering USAGM to release one month's worth of the annual funds Congress appropriated to RFE/RL means that our journalists can continue doing their jobs holding dictators and despots accountable," RFE/RL President and CEO Stephen Capus said after the ruling.
"We hope to receive April’s late payment quickly because RFE/RL was forced to furlough staff this month and cut back programming to regions crucial to American national security."
The USAGM is an independent government agency that oversees RFE/RL, Voice of America, and other US-funded broadcasters, which together distribute news and information in almost 50 languages to some 361 million people each week.
Hours after an executive order signed by President Trump on March 14 called for the reduction of seven agencies -- including USAGM -- to "the maximum extent consistent with applicable law," the agency claimed to terminate RFE/RL's congressionally appropriated funding for the 2025 budget year that ends on September 30.
RFE/RL called the move unlawful and initiated legal action against the USAGM over the move.
On March 25, the same US court granted an RFE/RL request for a temporary restraining order (TRO), ruling that USAGM had acted "arbitrarily and capriciously" in terminating RFE/RL's grant.
The next day, the USAGM wrote to RFE/RL saying it was reversing the announcement but that this was "without prejudice to USAGM's authority to terminate the grant."
RFE/RL was forced to seek another TRO in April after funds for that month were not disbursed. It also continues to seek an injunction to ensure the release of the rest of the money due from the grant for the 2025 budget year.
"We will remain in court and look forward to working with USAGM to ensure that we’ll be paid for the rest of the fiscal year,” Capus said.
RFE/RL reaches nearly 50 million people across 23 countries -- including Belarus, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Iran, and Russia -- as it seeks to provide independent, unbiased news in 27 languages.
Media rights advocates have called the move to gut the USAGM "outrageous," saying it hands a win to authoritarian regimes around the world.
The Committee to Protect Journalists warned on April 1 that it also puts many journalists who worked for broadcasters such as RFE/RL at risk.
"USAGM-affiliated journalists face serious threats, imprisonment, and persecution in their home countries due to their reporting on politically sensitive issues," it wrote in a letter also signed by PEN America, Reporters Without Borders, and others that urges US Congress to take "immediate action" to protect journalists who worked for publicly funded outlets.
"Protecting them...is a moral obligation and a vital stand for press freedom and democratic values."
The total budget request for the USAGM for fiscal year 2025 was $950 million to fund all of its operations and capital investments.
This includes media outlets such as RFE/RL, Voice of America, Radio Free Asia, the Office of Cuba Broadcasting (Radio Marti), Middle East Broadcasting Networks (MBN), and the Open Technology Fund.
US, Ukraine 'Ready To Sign' Minerals Deal As Washington Tries To Speed Up Peace Talks
Kyiv and Washington are on the verge of signing a deal giving the United States preferred access to Ukraine's mineral resources, including rare earth materials, as pressure builds on Russia and Ukraine to reach a peace deal to end Europe's longest conflict since World War II.
US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said on April 30 that Washington and Kyiv could sign the deal as soon as "last-minute" issues are smoothed out.
"Our side is ready to sign. The Ukrainians decided last night to make some last-minute changes," Bessent said. "We're sure that they will reconsider that, and we are ready to sign this afternoon if they are."
Ukrainian Prime Minister Denis Shmyhal said on state television the agreement, which he characterized as a "real partnership deal," could be signed within the next 24 hours as soon as all the remaining details are finalized.
"This is truly a good, equal, and beneficial international agreement on joint investments in the development and recovery of Ukraine," he said.
What's The Significance Of A Minerals Deal?
Ukraine is looking for the deal to shore up waning US support that has been key in Kyiv's battle to repel Russia's full-scale invasion, launched in February 2022.
Shmyhal gave no details of the deal, but Reuters quoted a draft as saying a joint US-Ukrainian fund for reconstruction would be created where half of the profits and royalties accruing to Ukraine from new natural resources permits will form Kyiv's contribution.
In turn, future US military assistance to Ukraine will count toward Washington's contribution to the fund.
Reaching a deal to give US companies access to Ukraine's mineral resources -- so-called rare earth minerals, as well as other valuable resources like lithium, titanium, uranium, and even oil and gas -- has proved difficult, with clashes and acrimony highlighting the talks.
A fiery clash at the White House between Trump and Zelenskyy in front of the international media derailed the talks in late February. Last month signs of discord emerged again when Trump charged that Zelenskyy was looking to back out of the deal while it was still being negotiated and warned that the Ukrainian leader would face "big, big problems" if he did.
Rubio Says Clock Running Out On US Peace Efforts
News of the minerals deal came hours after US Secretary of State Marco Rubio warned that unless Russia and Ukraine put forward specific plans for ending the war in Ukraine, the United States will curtail its efforts to mediate.
State Department spokeswoman Tammy Bruce cited Rubio as saying that the time had been reached at which "concrete proposals need to be delivered by the two parties on how to end this conflict."
If there is not progress, the United States "will step back as mediators in this process," Bruce told reporters on April 29.
Later that day at a UN Security Council meeting, US diplomat John Kelley blamed Russia for the continuing bloodshed, saying it had "regrettably" carried out high-profile strikes "causing needless loss of life, including of innocent civilians."
"Right now, Russia has a great opportunity to achieve a durable peace," Kelley said, while adding that the burden for ending the war rests with Russia and Ukraine.
"It is up to the leaders of both these countries to decide whether peace is possible. If both sides are ready to end the war, the United States will fully support their path to a lasting peace," he said.
Meanwhile, Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andriy Sybiha on April 30 reiterated Kyiv's "readiness for peace talks in any format as soon as we see that Russia is truly prepared for the difficult path to peace."
Sybiha called Russian President Vladimir Putin's April 28 announcement of a three-day cease-fire on May 8-10 to mark the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Soviet Union and its allies in World War II "peace populism or a brief propaganda cease-fire for the May 9 parade."
"Russia can demonstrate its genuine readiness for peace talks by agreeing to a real ceasefire for at least 30 days. If Russia is ready for a 60- or 90-day cease-fire, we are too," Sybiha said in a statement on X social network.
"Russia must stop talking about its readiness for peace and start acting by agreeing unconditionally to a real and durable cease-fire. When the guns are silent, talks can begin -- in any format that will bring peace," Sybiha added.
Trump said he believes Putin wants to end the war in Ukraine, telling ABC in an interview broadcast on April 29, "I think he does," when asked if Putin wants peace.
Zelenskyy also questioned earlier the need to wait until the anniversary for a cease-fire and called for an "immediate, full, and unconditional" 30-day truce.
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov on April 30 acknowledged Washington wants to see rapid progress in ending the war in Ukraine but emphasized that the process is highly complex and first requires resolving many outstanding issues.
"We understand that Washington wants quick success in this process," Peskov told reporters. "But at the same time, we hope there is an understanding that the resolution of the Ukrainian crisis is a very complex process, with many questions and details that need to be settled beforehand."
He also stressed any agreement must be made "with Ukraine, not the US," adding that while Washington is acting as a mediator, "we are grateful to the US for these efforts."
Peskov further recalled that Putin recently reiterated his willingness to hold direct talks with Ukraine, but "Kyiv has not responded" to this offer.
Trump and his envoys have been pressing Ukraine to agree to a cease-fire. At the same time the US president has been urging Russia to stop attacking Ukraine. In the interview with ABC, Trump said he "was not happy when I saw Putin shooting missiles into a few towns and cities."
Trump reportedly has suggested an official recognition of Russia's takeover of Crimea -- an annexation rejected by nearly all the world -- in addition to land swaps.
Zelenskyy has held firm against formal international recognition of Russia's 2014 takeover of Crimea.
"We all want this war to end in a fair way -- with no rewards for Putin, especially no land," Zelenskyy said on April 29 in a videoconference at a summit organized by Poland.
At the Security Council, France and Britain praised US mediation, while criticizing Russia, which launched more drone attacks late on April 29, hitting the cities of Dnipro and Kharkiv.
Jean-Noel Barrot, France's minister for Europe, said Kyiv had demonstrated goodwill and called Putin the sole obstacle to a cease-fire by seeking Ukraine's "capitulation."
Russia's UN ambassador, Vasily Nebenzya, rejected allegations that Russian forces had targeted civilians and accused Ukraine of using civilians or human shields by positioning air defenses in heavily populated areas.
He accused Kyiv of recklessly rejecting balanced US peace proposals and targeting Russian civilians, while saying it was increasingly difficult for Western backers of Zelenskyy's government to conceal its "brutal, misanthropic, and Nazi essence."
Mariana Betsa, a Ukrainian deputy foreign minister, told the Security Council that Russia wants Ukraine to surrender and Kyiv could not accept peace at any cost.
She said Ukraine would never recognize any temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine as Russian, including Crimea, which Moscow has held since 2014.
With reporting by Reuters
Pakistan Readying To Challenge India's Suspension Of Vital Water Treaty Amid Rising Tensions
Pakistan says it is readying international legal action against India for suspending a vital water-sharing agreement between the two nuclear-armed rivals as tensions mount following a militant attack in the disputed Kashmir region.
Pakistani Minister for Law and Justice Aqeel Malik said Islamabad is working on plans for at least three different legal options, including raising the issue at the World Bank, the facilitator for the six-decade old Indus Waters Treaty.
"Legal strategy consultations are almost complete," Malik said in an interview with Reuters late on April 28.
After an April 22 militant attack in Kashmir that killed 26 tourists, all but one of whom were Indian nationals, New Delhi said that it was suspending its participation in the water treaty that splits the Indus River and its tributaries between the two neighbors and governs most of the water used in Pakistani agriculture.
'Act Of War'
India has accused Pakistan of supporting cross-border terrorism, though it has stopped short of putting direct blame on Islamabad for the attack.
Islamabad has denied any role in the attack and warned that any Indian attempt to stop or divert the flow of water between them would be considered an "act of war."
The water treaty now looks to be a potential flashpoint in the unpredictable situation between the nuclear-armed neighbors that was sparked by the militant attack.
Malik said that Islamabad would likely pursue more than one path in taking legal action, including at the Permanent Court of Arbitration or at the International Court of Justice in the Hague where it could allege that India has violated the 1960 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
He added that the Pakistani government was also considering raising the issue at the United Nations Security Council.
"All the options are on the table and we are pursuing all appropriate and competent forums to approach," Malik said.
The treaty became necessary after 1947, when India and Pakistan were partitioned by Britain and became independent countries. The water agreement, however, took a decade to negotiate and was signed in 1960, with the World Bank as a mediator.
Acute Water Shortages
The treaty governs the distribution and use of waters from the Indus River and its tributaries, which feed 80 percent of Pakistan's irrigated agriculture and its hydropower.
Suspending the deal would put major pressure on Pakistan, which has been battling acute water shortages, partly because of extreme weather events.
In March, Pakistan’s water regulator warned that Punjab and Sindh, the country’s key agricultural provinces, could already face water shortfalls of as much as 35 percent during the final phase of the current crop season.
Other issues may arise during the heavy rains of the coming monsoon season. India could decide to release surplus water from the eastern rivers without prior notification, potentially triggering floods.
Despite a history of tensions and war, the treaty has managed to survive through the years, withstanding threats from New Delhi to pull out of the agreement during previous times of high-tensions.
"We will ensure no drop of the Indus River's water reaches Pakistan," India's water resources minister, Chandrakant Raghunath Paatil, said on X on April 27.
Halting the flow of water is not a straightforward process, experts and officials from both countries have said.
The treaty stipulated that India was only to build hydropower plants without significant storage or dams on the three rivers allocated to Pakistan, preventing New Delhi from immediately stopping water sharing.
Tensions continue to mount since the attack in Kashmir, which both India and Pakistan rule in part but claim in full.
The two countries continue to exchange small-arms fire in the region and both governments suspended trade ties, limited diplomatic contact, and suspended some visas following the attack.
On April 29, India claimed both sides exchanged fire, the fifth consecutive day of such reports. State broadcaster Radio Pakistan said the Pakistani military had shot down an Indian drone, calling it a violation of its airspace.
Iran Port Explosion Death Toll Hits 70 As Authorities Blame 'Negligence'
The death toll from a massive explosion at Iran’s key Shahid Rajaei port has hit 70, local authorities said, as the interior minister blamed “negligence” for the incident, which injured more than 1,000 people.
Eskandar Momeni told Iranian state television late on April 28 that “noncompliance with safety precautions and negligence” had caused the incident, though it was not immediately clear what started the fire at the hazardous and chemical materials storage depot.
Momeni said several “culprits have been identified and summoned” but did not share further details.
Mehrdad Hassanzadeh, the director of the crisis management office in the southern Hormozgan Province where the port is located, told state television that most of the injured had already been released from hospital.
On April 27, a day after the explosion happened, Hossein Zafari, a spokesman for Iran's crisis management organization, appeared to blame the blast on poor storage of chemicals in containers at the port.
Open-source data suggests that Iran took shipments of chemical ingredients from China used in missile fuel at the port in February and March. However, an Iranian Defense Ministry spokesman has denied that any cargo used for military use, including missile fuel, was being stored at the blast site.
The New York Times quoted an unnamed source with ties to Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps as saying the substance that exploded was sodium perchlorate, a key component in solid missile fuel.
Amid mounting criticism of officials over the incident, renowned Iranian filmmaker Jafar Panahi called for a “free and transparent referendum under international supervision to restore sovereignty to the people.”
In a post on Instagram, Panahi described the explosion as a symbol of “the collapse of a regime that has led Iran into ruin for nearly half a century.”
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